WitrynaKEYWORDS: competition law – algorithms – algorithmic collusion – imputability – intent – commitment decisions. I. Preliminary remarks Collusion between “rational” (i.e., profit maximizer) algorithms may occur even if they are not designed to conspire, 1. as confirmed by the economic literature. 2. Price-fixing could WitrynaIn general terms it can be said that a wrongdoer should not be held liable for harm which is ‘too remote’ from his conduct. The test for legal causation is used to …
IMPUTABILITY TO A MEMBER STATE - Uniwersytet Wrocławski
Witryna1 dzień temu · The principle that internationally illegal acts or omissions contributing to the damage to foreign property, and caused in some way by organs of the state apparatus, are attributable to the state and therefore incur that state's responsibility. Thus, there must have been state participation in the act before there can be state … Witrynafinding an infringement of Article 81 EC — Imputability of the unlawful conduct — Fines — Gravity and duration of the infringement) (2012/C 355/24) Language of the case: French Parties Applicant: Total SA (Courbevoie, France) (represented: initially by A. Lamothe, L. Godfroid and A. Gosset-Grainville, and nottinghamshire county council road works
Imputability to the State - Free State Aid blog article - Read now
Witryna9 mar 2024 · “(59) Concerning specifically the imputability to the State of a measure, the Court has held that this may not be inferred from the mere fact that the measure was taken by a public undertaking. Even if the State is in a position to control a public undertaking and to exercise a dominant influence over its operations, actual exercise … Witryna18. what are the difference between imputability and responsibility? 19. 1. The imputation that she cannot conduct herself in public hurt her. a. announcement b. accusation c. gossip d. description; 20. Discuss the basic computer structure imput process output? 21. what is imputed cost? 22. imput your answer on the space … Witryna23. IMPUTABILITY- is the quality by which an act may be ascribed to a person as its author or owner. It implies that the act committed has been freely and consciously … how to show hotbar minecraft java